Métodos de extracción de compuestos bioactivos:

un enfoque hacia la sostenibilidad

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14610634

ISSN: 3073-1283

REVIEW ARTICLE

Extraction methods of bioactive compounds:

a sustainability approach

 Yanelis Chongo

yanelis.chongo@gmail.com

Empresa Integral Agropecuaria Cienfuegos, Cuba.

Received: 19 september 2024 / Accepted: 16 December 2024 / Published online: 31 January 2025

Yanelis Chongo

Abstract This article provides an overview of various ex-

traction methods used to obtain bioactive compounds from

plant materials, highlighting the process conditions, extract

properties, and potential applications. Methodologies such

as ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), Soxhlet, supercrit-

ical uids extraction (SFE), and green or environmentally

friendly methods were studied. Each technique was evaluat-

ed in terms of eciency, cost, environmental impact, and ap-

plication, considering factors such as the type of compounds

extracted (antioxidants, avonoids, essential oils) and their

use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The

advantages and limitations of each process were discussed,

providing a framework for selecting the most suitable meth-

od based on specic extraction and sustainability needs.

Keywords extraction methods, green extraction processes,

bioactive compounds, environmental sustainability, antioxi-

dants, avonoids.

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una visión de diversos méto-

dos de extracción utilizados para obtener compuestos bioac-

tivos a partir de materiales vegetales, destacando las condi-

ciones del proceso, las propiedades de los extractos y sus

aplicaciones potenciales. Se estudiaron metodologías como

la extracción asistida por ultrasonido (EAU), Soxhlet, ui-

dos supercríticos (SFE), y métodos verdes o ambientalmente

amigables. Cada técnica se evaluó en términos de eciencia,

costo, impacto ambiental y aplicación, considerando factores

como el tipo de compuestos extraídos (antioxidantes, avo-

noides, aceites esenciales) y su uso en las industrias alimen-

taria, cosmética y farmacéutica. Se señalaron las ventajas y

limitaciones de cada proceso, proporcionando un marco para

la selección del método más adecuado según las necesidades

especícas de extracción y sostenibilidad.

Palabras clave métodos de extracción, procesos de extrac-

ción verde, compuestos bioactivos, sostenibilidad ambiental,

antioxidantes, avonoides.

How to cite

Chongo, Y. (2025). Extraction methods of bioactive compounds: a sustainability approach. Journal of Food Science and Gastronomy, 3(1), 29-37. https://

doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14610634

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37 30

Introduction

The bioactive compounds in natural matrices such as

plants, fruits, algae, and microorganisms have gained at-

tention due to their antioxidant, anti-inammatory, and an-

timicrobial benets. The extraction methods for these com-

pounds aect their characteristics and application in food,

pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Evaluating these

methods is necessary to optimize the performance of indus-

trial processes.

This work analyzes dierent extraction techniques, such

as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave extraction,

supercritical uids, and green methods, to provide a com-

prehensive view of how these technologies contribute to im-

proving eciency and sustainability in obtaining high-qual-

ity extracts for various industries.

This work’s objective was to compare the main extraction

methods for bioactive compounds from plant materials, with

emphasis on their principles, advantages, limitations, and

potential applications. It will also explore the environmental

impact of these methodologies and their role in developing

more sustainable extraction solutions for bioactives.

Traditional extraction methods

Maceration extraction

Principle

Maceration is a solid-liquid extraction method based on

passive diusion, where the bioactive compounds from a

plant matrix dissolve in an appropriate solvent, such as eth-

anol or water. This process is typically carried out at room

temperature or slightly elevated temperatures to prevent ther-

mal degradation of sensitive compounds. Parameters such as

the particle size of the sample and the contact time between

the matrix and the solvent directly aect the extraction e-

ciency. Its simplicity makes it ideal for preliminary chemical

composition tests on natural samples (Martins et al., 2023;

Usman et al., 2023).

Advantages

Maceration is economical and easy to implement, requir-

ing no specialized equipment, making it an accessible tech-

nique, especially in preliminary studies.

Limitations

Among the disadvantages are the prolonged time required

to achieve high yields and low eciency in extracting com-

pounds of low polarity or from complex matrices. The use

of large volumes of solvents can pose environmental and

economic concerns. Compared to advanced methods like ul-

trasound-assisted extraction, its eciency is relatively low,

especially for dicult-to-extract compounds (Martins et al.,

2023; Usman et al., 2023).

Applications

Maceration is widely used to extract thermally stable com-

pounds such as polyphenols, avonoids, and tannins, which

are important in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic

industries. It is also used to extract antioxidants from me-

dicinal plants and traditional botanical products. In current

research, this method remains a useful option in laboratory

settings and as a baseline for comparing the eectiveness

of more advanced techniques in the extraction of bioactive

compounds (Martins et al., 2023; Usman et al., 2023).

Soxhlet Extraction

Principle

Soxhlet extraction uses a continuous reux system where

a volatile solvent repeatedly passes through a solid sam-

ple contained in a porous cartridge. This process ensures a

complete extraction of the compounds soluble in the chosen

solvent. The principle is based on the condensation of the

heated solvent, which, upon dissolving the compounds, ac-

cumulates in the siphon until it is emptied, allowing the cy-

cle to repeat. It is particularly useful for obtaining non-polar

bioactive compounds, such as lipids and terpenes, due to its

ability to maintain a constant solvent saturation during the

extraction (El Maaiden et al., 2022).

Advantages

One of the main advantages of the Soxhlet method is its ef-

ciency in extracting non-polar compounds with high purity.

Additionally, it allows for more precise control of extraction

conditions, contributing to its ability to extract large amounts

of bioactive compounds compared to conventional methods

like maceration. For example, in a study on green coee

beans, the Soxhlet extraction produced high levels of total

phenolic compounds and avonoids, the main contributors

to antioxidant activity (Palmieri et al., 2020).

Limitations

However, the Soxhlet method has signicant limitations. It

consumes large volumes of solvents and requires prolonged

extraction, resulting in high energy consumption. These

drawbacks limit its environmental sustainability and eco-

nomic viability on an industrial scale. Also, prolonged heat

exposure can degrade certain thermosensitive compounds,

reducing their applicability in specic cases (Gligor et al.,

2023).

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1):29-3731

Applications

Soxhlet is widely used to extract bioactive compounds

from plants and natural products for food, pharmaceuticals,

and cosmetics. For example, it has proven eective in ex-

tracting antioxidant compounds from thyme and coriander,

where the obtained extracts showed strong antioxidant ac-

tivity in FRAP and ABTS assays. Additionally, it is useful

for obtaining lipids and sterols from raw materials such as

oilseeds, which are used in functional foods and supplements

(Palmieri et al., 2020; Gligor et al., 2023).

Hydrodistillation

Principle

Hydrodistillation is a technique used to extract volatile

compounds, especially essential oils, from plant materials.

It works by injecting steam into the plant matrix, facilitating

volatile compounds’ release. These vapors are condensed

and collected, allowing for the separation of the essential oil

from the water. This method is based on the dierences in

volatility and solubility of the compounds, which allows the

oils to be carried with steam. At the same time, other sub-

stances remain in the plant matrix. This approach is widely

used due to its ability to preserve the integrity of the volatile

compounds during the extraction process despite the high

temperatures used (Machado et al., 2022; Oubannin et al.,

2024).

Advantages

Hydrodistillation is recognized for its eciency in extract-

ing essential oils from various plants. One of its main ad-

vantages is that it does not require chemical solvents, mak-

ing it a more eco-friendly and safe option for industrial and

cosmetic applications. Furthermore, this method is relatively

simple and can be applied on a large scale without expensive

equipment. Hydrodistillation also allows for extracting mul-

tiple components from a sample, expanding its usefulness

in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics

(Fernández et al., 2024; Semerdjieva et al., 2019).

Limitations

However, this method is not without limitations. Hydro-

distillation is unsuitable for heat-sensitive compounds, as

high temperatures can degrade specic components, altering

their chemical prole and reducing their quality. Addition-

ally, the process can be slow, with limited yields depending

on the quantity and type of plant material used. Precise con-

trol of operational conditions, such as temperature and dis-

tillation time, is also required to ensure ecient extraction

and minimize losses of key compounds (Semerdjieva et al.,

2019; Fernández et al., 2024).

Applications

Hydrodistillation is widely used to extract essential oils

in the cosmetic industry, where these compounds are used

in fragrances, soaps, and personal care products. Essential

oils extracted through this method are employed as natural

avorings and preservatives in the food industry due to their

antimicrobial properties. In the pharmaceutical eld, they

are used for their therapeutic properties, such as antioxidant

activity and anti-inammatory eects. This method is also

key in scientic research for the characterization of new

essential oils and their bioactive potential (Machado et al.,

2022; Fernández et al., 2024).

Modern and sustainable methods

Ultrasound-assisted extraction

Principle

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is based on acous-

tic cavitation, a phenomenon generated by high-frequency

ultrasonic waves in a liquid medium. These waves create

microbubbles that collapse violently, generating high tem-

peratures and local pressures that break the cell walls of

plant materials. This process facilitates the release of bio-

active compounds, such as polyphenols, avonoids, and ca-

rotenoids, improving extraction eciency compared to tra-

ditional methods. Furthermore, it reduces processing times

while maintaining high quality in the obtained extracts (Ran-

jha et al., 2021; Lavenburg et al., 2021).

Advantages

One of the main advantages of ultrasound-assisted ex-

traction (UAE) is its speed and eciency, as it signicant-

ly reduces extraction time compared to traditional methods.

This method also requires less solvent, making it more en-

vironmentally friendly. UAE is highly adaptable to dier-

ent bioactive compounds and substrates, and its ability to

operate at lower temperatures minimizes the degradation

of heat-sensitive compounds. Moreover, it is considered a

“green” technique due to its low environmental impact and

compatibility with sustainability standards in the food and

pharmaceutical industries (Teixeira et al., 2024; Ranjha et

al., 2021).

Limitations

Despite its advantages, UAE has certain limitations, such

as the possible degradation of bioactive compounds sensitive

to ultrasound or the heat generated during the process. Ad-

ditionally, large-scale implementation may be expensive due

to the specialized equipment required.

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37 32

Applications

Ultrasound-assisted extraction is widely used to extract

polyphenols from fruits, carotenoids from vegetables, and

avonoids from various medicinal plants. It is also a prom-

ising technique for obtaining essential oils and antioxidants

for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries (Ran-

jha et al., 2021; Lavenburg et al., 2021).

Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)

Principle

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) uses high-fre-

quency electromagnetic waves that interact with the polar

molecules of the sample and the solvent, generating rapid

heating. This process increases the cell pressure, breaking

their walls and releasing bioactive compounds into the sol-

vent medium. The eectiveness of this method lies in the

ability of microwaves to distribute heat evenly, promoting

ecient extraction of target substances such as polyphenols,

avonoids, and carotenoids (Dobrinčić et al., 2020; Moretto

et al., 2022).

Advantages

MAE stands out for its speed and lower use of solvents

compared to traditional methods. This reduces processing

time and improves environmental sustainability. The direct

heating by microwaves minimizes the loss of bioactive com-

pounds sensitive to prolonged thermal processes, preserving

their chemical integrity. It is eective in obtaining extracts

rich in antioxidant compounds, which greatly interest food

and pharmaceutical applications (Dobrinčić et al., 2020;

Moretto et al., 2022).

Limitations

Despite its advantages, Microwave-Assisted Extraction

(MAE) has limitations. One of the main issues is the initial

investment required for specialized equipment, which can

be prohibitive for some facilities. Additionally, this meth-

od presents challenges when working with non-polar com-

pounds, as they rely less on interacting with microwaves.

There is also the risk of degradation of heat-sensitive com-

pounds if extraction parameters, such as temperature and ex-

posure time, are not adequately controlled (Dobrinčić et al.,

2020; Moretto et al., 2022).

Applications

MAE is widely used to extract bioactive compounds from

plant and marine materials, including polyphenols from ol-

ive leaves and fatty acids from microalgae. In the case of mi-

croalgae, this method has been used to extract lipids intended

to produce high-quality biodiesel. The eciency of MAE in

recovering compounds such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol,

and carotenoids makes it a preferred technique in industries

such as food, cosmetics, and energy (Dobrinčić et al., 2020;

Moretto et al., 2022).

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)

Principle

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) uses supercritical u-

ids, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), to dissolve and ex-

tract bioactive compounds. Under temperature and pressure

conditions exceeding the critical point of CO₂, it acquires

both liquid and gas properties, eciently penetrating solid

matrices and dissolving specic substances. This method

is adjusted based on parameters such as pressure, tempera-

ture, and, in some cases, the use of cosolvents to enhance

the selectivity and eciency of the process (Uwineza &

Waśkiewicz, 2020; Alcázar-Alay & Gallón-Bedoya, 2023).

Advantages

One of the main advantages of Supercritical Fluid Ex-

traction (SFE) is its ability to extract without leaving resi-

dues of toxic solvents, making it ideal for food, pharmaceu-

tical, and cosmetic applications. It is also highly selective,

allowing the extraction of specic compounds such as an-

tioxidants, carotenoids, and essential oils. Furthermore, by

using CO₂, a safe and economical gas, SFE is environmen-

tally friendly and provides an ecient method for thermola-

bile compounds, as the temperature can be kept low during

the process (Uwineza & Waśkiewicz, 2020; Alcázar-Alay &

Gallón-Bedoya, 2023).

Limitations

Despite its benets, SFE has limitations, such as high

equipment initial costs and operational expenses due to the

pressure requirements and precise control of process condi-

tions. Additionally, the method’s eciency may be limited

for non-polar compounds if appropriate cosolvents are not

used, which can increase the system’s complexity and cost

(Uwineza & Waśkiewicz, 2020; Alcázar-Alay & Gallón-Be-

doya, 2023).

Applications

SFE (Supercritical Fluid Extraction) is widely used to

obtain high-purity food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical

extracts. Notable examples include the extraction of an-

tioxidants from agro-industrial waste, essential oils from

aromatic plants, and natural pigments such as carotenoids.

Additionally, SFE is frequently combined with emerging

technologies to optimize the recovery of bioactive com-

pounds, highlighting its role in the valorization of biomass

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1):29-3733

and industrial waste (Uwineza & Waśkiewicz, 2020; Al-

cázar-Alay & Gallón-Bedoya, 2023).

Green or environmentally friendly extraction

Principle

Green or environmentally friendly extraction refers to

methods that minimize environmental impact and improve

sustainability compared to conventional techniques. Among

these methods, subcritical water extraction, ionic liquids, and

deep eutectic solvents stand out. Subcritical water extraction

uses water at high temperatures and pressures without reach-

ing its critical point, allowing for ecient dissolution of

bioactive compounds without the problems associated with

using organic solvents. On the other hand, ionic liquids and

deep eutectic solvents are characterized by their low toxic-

ity and their ability to dissolve a wide range of compounds,

making them particularly useful for extracting bioactive

compounds such as phenols and essential oils (Almohasin et

al., 2023; Martins et al., 2023).

Advantages

One of the main advantages of green extraction methods is

their lower environmental impact, as they reduce the use of

conventional solvents, which are toxic and non-renewable.

Additionally, these techniques contribute to sustainability,

as many of the solvents used come from renewable sourc-

es or are not harmful to the environment. Green extraction

strategies aim to optimize extraction performance, improve

energy eciency, minimize waste, and promote the circular

economy in industrial processes. The limited availability of

some of these solvents and the need for process optimization

still represent signicant challenges in the widespread adop-

tion of these methods.

Limitations

Despite their advantages, green extraction methods have

certain limitations. The availability of ionic liquids and

deep eutectic solvents is still restricted, which may hinder

their large-scale implementation. The optimization of these

processes remains an active area of research, and it is nec-

essary to nd the most suitable conditions to maximize the

eciency and selectivity of bioactive compound extraction.

The continuous development of bioreneries and research

in green chemistry pave the way for the renement of these

methods and their integration into more sustainable industri-

al processes. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the

comparison of extraction methods.

Table 1. Comparison of methods

Method Eciency Cost Sustainability Applications

Maceration Low Low Low Thermostable compounds

Soxhlet Moderate Moderate Low Fats and oils

UAE High Moderate Alta Antioxidants and avonoids

SFE Very high High Very high High-purity extracts

Table 2 compares bioactive compound extraction methods concerning process conditions, extract properties, and potential

applications.

Table 2. Extraction methods for bioactive compounds: process conditions, extract properties, and potential applications

Reference

Extraction

method

Plant material Process conditions

Extract

properties

Potential

application

Wong et al.

(2020)

UAE

Fruit and

vegetable waste

Time: 20-30 min,

Temperature: 40-60

°C, Solvent: Ethanol/

water

Antioxidants

(phenols and

avonoids)

Natural

preservatives in

processed foods

Borges et al.

(2020)

Soxhlet and

microwave

Green and black

tea leaves

Soxhlet: 3 hours,

Microwave: 15

minutes, Solvent:

Water/Ethanol

Antioxidant and

antimicrobial

Preservatives in

beverages and

meat products

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1): 29-37 34

Reference

Extraction

method

Plant material Process conditions

Extract

properties

Potential

application

Aldughaylib

et al. (2022)

Liquid-liquid

extraction

Grape seeds

Methanol maceration

for 24 hours,

partitioning with

hexane and ethyl

acetate

Antioxidant

properties

(avonoids)

Enrichment of

vegetable oils

Kothari et al.

(2012)

Ultrasound Cardamom seeds

Time: 30 minutes,

Temperature: 50 °C,

Solvent: Ethanol

Antioxidants

(total phenols)

and antimicrobial

agents

Natural

preservatives in

processed foods

Gonelimali et

al. (2018)

Agar diusion

Thyme essential

oil

Steam distillation

extraction,

Evaluation: MIC

(Minimum Inhibitory

Concentration)

Signicant

antimicrobial

activity

Antimicrobial

additives for

cheeses

Mahmood et

al. (2019)

UAE Moringa leaf

Time: 40 minutes,

Temperature: 45°C,

Solvent: Ethanol

Potent antioxidant

and antimicrobial

activity

Fortication

of functional

beverages

Junsathian et

al. (2022)

Solid-liquid

extraction

Edible plant

leaves from

Thailand

Time: 2 hours,

Temperature: 60 °C,

Solvent: Water

Antioxidants

(avonoids,

tannins) and

antimicrobial

agents

Preservatives in

dairy products

and snacks

Altemimi et

al. (2017)

UAE

Plants with

bioactive

compounds such

as polyphenols,

avonoids,

carotenoids

Use of ultrasound to

induce cavitation, with

controlled temperature

and time

Higher extraction

yield, better

quality of

bioactive

compounds

Extraction of

antioxidants,

essential oils,

pigments

Naviglio et al.

(2023)

EAM

Plant material

rich in phenolic

compounds,

essential oils

Rapid heating using

microwaves, with

temperature control

and solvents

High extraction

eciency,

reduced time, and

solvents

Antioxidant

extracts, oils,

bioactive

compounds

Altemimi et

al. (2017)

EFS

Aromatic plants,

spices, medicinal

herbs

Use of CO₂ in

a supercritical

state at controlled

temperatures and

pressures

Pure extracts

without solvent

residues, high

selectivity

Essential oils,

antioxidants,

lipophilic

compounds

Naviglio et al.

(2023)

Green or

environmentally

friendly

extraction

Various plants,

especially

those with

antioxidant or

pharmacological

properties

Use of ionic liquids,

deep eutectic solvents,

or subcritical water

Reduction of

environmental

impact, lower use

of conventional

solvents

Natural products,

pharmacological

extracts,

cosmetics

J. Food Sci. Gastron. (January - June 2025) 3(1):29-3735

Environmental impact of extraction methodo-

logies and their role in the development of sus-

tainable solutions for bioactive extraction

The methodologies for extracting bioactive compounds

from plant sources have a variable environmental impact,

depending on the process used. Traditionally, methods such

as extraction with organic solvents have raised concerns due

to their high solvent consumption and the potential environ-

mental contamination resulting from the waste of these com-

pounds. Technological advancements have developed more

sustainable techniques that minimize this impact.

Methods such as UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction)

and MAE (Microwave-Assisted Extraction) are known for

their eciency in reducing extraction times and using small-

er amounts of solvents, contributing to a smaller ecological

footprint. Although EFS (Supercritical Fluid Extraction) is

costly, it does not leave solvent residues, making it more en-

vironmentally friendly than conventional techniques (Navi-

glio et al., 2023; Altemimi et al., 2017).

Green or environmentally friendly methods include sub-

critical water extraction, ionic liquids, or deep eutectic sol-

vents; these methodologies are designed to reduce toxic

solvents and energy consumption, which aligns with sustain-

ability principles. These techniques have a reduced environ-

mental impact and enhance the eciency of bioactive com-

pound extraction, resulting in less waste of natural resources.

Some of these methods are in the optimization phase. They

are not as widely used as other established techniques, but

their potential to contribute to developing more eco-friendly

extraction processes is promising (Naviglio et al., 2023; Al-

temimi et al., 2017).

The role of these technologies in transitioning to a more

sustainable industry extends beyond waste reduction and en-

ergy use. Their ability to produce high-purity extracts with

fewer toxic residues decreases pollution associated with the

natural extract industry. Implementing these methodologies

improves extraction eciency and facilitates the production

of safer and more eco-friendly products to meet the growing

demand for natural and sustainable solutions across all sec-

tors of life (Naviglio et al., 2023).

Conclusions

Modern extraction methods oer advantages in terms of

eciency, sustainability, and control over extraction condi-

tions. Their implementation depends on the balance between

costs and benets and the nature of the target compounds.

The current trend is towards green technologies that mini-

mize environmental impact and maximize the safety of the

nal products. Combining techniques (hybrid) and develop-

ing even more sustainable technologies are recommended,

along with integrating computational tools to optimize ex-

traction conditions. This will allow expanding the applica-

tions of bioactive compounds in innovative sectors.

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Conicts of interest

e authors declare that they have no conicts of interest.

Author contributions

Yanelis Chongo: Conceptualization, research, methodology,

visualization, writing the original draft, writing, review and

editing.

Data availability statement

Not applicable.

Statement on the use of AI

The authors acknowledge the use of generative AI and AI-as-

sisted technologies to improve the readability and clarity of

the article.

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