Nanoplastics in the environment: sources, impacts, and challenges

Daliannis Rodríguez

doi:10.5281/zenodo.14816616

Authors

Daliannis Rodríguez Universidad UTE, campus Manabí, Montecristi, Ecuador Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0389-740X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14816616

Keywords:

nanoplastics, environmental pollution, ecotoxicology, analytical detection, bioaccumulation, health impact

Abstract

Nanoplastics, defined as plastic particles with dimensions less than 1 μm, represent a growing environmental concern due to their ubiquity and potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. This review article analyses the primary sources of nanoplastics, their distribution in different environmental compartments (water, soil, and air), and their mechanisms of toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Current methodologies for their detection and characterization are also examined, including spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electron microscopy techniques, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Despite progress in understanding the presence and impact of nanoplastics, significant research gaps remain, particularly about their bioaccumulation, interactions with emerging contaminants, and long-term effects on human health. Potential strategies to mitigate their impact are also identified, such as improved plastic waste management, developing biodegradable materials, and implementing stricter regulatory policies. Developing new detection methods and adopting sustainable strategies are essential to reduce the burden of nanoplastics in ecosystems and minimize their risks to public health.

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