Nanoplastics in the environment: sources, impacts, and challenges

Daliannis Rodríguez

doi:10.5281/zenodo.14816616

Autores/as

Daliannis Rodríguez Universidad UTE, campus Manabí, Montecristi, Ecuador Autor/a https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0389-740X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14816616

Palabras clave:

nanoplásticos, contaminación ambiental, ecotoxicología, detección analítica, bioacumulación, impacto en la salud

Resumen

Los nanoplásticos, definidos como partículas de plástico con dimensiones inferiores a 1 μm, representan una creciente preocupación ambiental debido a su ubicuidad y potenciales efectos adversos en los ecosistemas y la salud humana. Este artículo de revisión analiza las principales fuentes de nanoplásticos, su distribución en distintos compartimentos ambientales (agua, suelo y aire) y sus mecanismos de toxicidad en organismos acuáticos y terrestres. Se examinan además las metodologías actuales para su detección y caracterización, incluyendo técnicas espectroscópicas, cromatográficas y de microscopía electrónica, destacando sus ventajas y limitaciones. A pesar del avance en la comprensión de la presencia e impacto de los nanoplásticos, persisten vacíos de investigación significativos, particularmente en relación con su bioacumulación, interacciones con contaminantes emergentes y efectos a largo plazo en la salud humana. Asimismo, se identifican estrategias potenciales para mitigar su impacto, como la mejora en la gestión de residuos plásticos, el desarrollo de materiales biodegradables y la implementación de políticas regulatorias más estrictas. El desarrollo de nuevos métodos de detección y la adopción de estrategias sostenibles son esenciales para reducir la carga de nanoplásticos en los ecosistemas y minimizar sus riesgos para la salud pública.

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